Tattoo machines work by utilizing an electromagnetic coil system. When the machine is turned on, an electrical current passes through the coils, creating a magnetic field. This magnetic field then attracts and repels a metal armature bar, which is connected to a needle. As the armature bar moves up and down, it drives the needle in and out of the skin, depositing ink and creating the desired tattoo design. The speed and depth of the needle can be adjusted by the tattoo artist, allowing for precise control during the tattooing process.


Tattooing, an ancient form of body art, has evolved significantly with technological advancements. Central to this evolution is the tattoo machine, an ingenious device that has transformed the way tattoos are applied. In this article, we will explore the different types of tattoo machines, their components, functionalities, and the techniques that bring intricate designs to life.

Types of Tattoo Machines

Coil Tattoo Machines

These are the traditional workhorses of the tattoo industry. Utilizing electromagnetic coils, they create a buzzing sound that's synonymous with tattoo shops. When activated, an alternating electric current passes through the coils, creating a magnetic field that rapidly turns magnets on and off. This magnetic dance moves a spring-loaded armature bar, to which the tattoo needles are attached, in an up and down motion.


The image appears to be a diagram of a coil tattoo machine. This type of tattoo machine is one of the most common tools used in tattooing and operates on an electromagnetic coil system. Here's a breakdown of the labeled parts: 

  • Armature Bar. This is the moving part that is attached to the needle. The electromagnetic coils rapidly turn on and off to move the armature bar up and down, driving the needle into the skin.
  • Coils. These are the electromagnetic components that power the machine. They create a magnetic field when electricity is applied, causing the armature bar to move.
  • Grip. This is the part of the tattoo machine that the tattoo artist holds onto while tattooing. It can be made of various materials and is often designed to be ergonomic.
  • Tip. The tip guides the needle and can be of various shapes depending on the desired effect and type of tattoo being applied.
  • Needle. This is the sharp part that pierces the skin to deposit ink. Tattoo needles come in different configurations for lining, shading, and coloring. The coil tattoo machine is known for its reliability and is traditionally used for both line work and shading in tattoos.

Rotary Tattoo Machines

The rotary tattoo machine represents a modern approach. It's powered by a compact motor that drives an armature bar in a smooth, cyclical motion. This motion results in a quieter operation and a gentler touch, which can reduce skin trauma. Rotary machines are versatile, suitable for both lining and shading, and are favored for their ease of use and consistent performance.

The image is a diagram of a rotary tattoo machine. Here's a description of its parts and how it works:

  • Clip Cord Attachments. These are the connectors for the power supply. The clip cord transmits the electrical power from the supply to the machine.
  • Motor Housing. This contains the motor that powers the machine. In a rotary tattoo machine, the motor rotates, which drives the movement of the needle.
  • Tube. This is where the needle is housed. It also serves as the grip for the tattoo artist to hold while working.
  • Tip. The end of the tube that guides the needle when entering the skin.
  • Needle. The sharp implement that punctures the skin to insert ink.

In operation, the rotary tattoo machine's motor turns the attached cam wheel, converting rotary motion into linear motion to drive the needle up and down. This type of machine is favored for its quiet operation and smooth linear needle movement, which can be less damaging to the skin compared to the hammer-like motion of coil tattoo machines. Rotary machines are versatile and can be used for lining, shading, and filling in color. They are popular among tattoo artists for their ease of use and maintenance.

Pneumatic Tattoo Machines

The latest innovation in tattoo machinery, pneumatic machines, uses pressurized air to move the needles. These machines are incredibly lightweight and easy to handle. A significant advantage is their ability to be sterilized in an autoclave, ensuring the highest hygiene standards.

Components and Functionality

The Heart of the Machine: Armature Bar and Needles

The needles, the primary tool for ink delivery, are affixed to an armature bar. This bar moves up and down, puncturing the skin and depositing ink into the dermis layer. The depth of penetration is finely controlled, often around the thickness of a nickel.

Ink Delivery: Tubes and Grips

The needles are set within a tube, which also acts as a grip for the artist. As the needles move, they draw ink from the tube and deposit it into the skin. This mechanism is key to creating precise and vibrant tattoos.

Power and Control

Tattoo machines are connected to a power supply, which regulates their speed and movement. The power supply is often controlled via a foot switch, allowing the artist to maintain steady hands while operating the machine.

Needle Types and Their Uses

Liners and Shaders

Needles come in various configurations, primarily liners for fine line work and shaders for coloring and shading. The choice of needle affects the tattoo's texture, depth, and overall appearance.

The image shows a diagram of different types of tattoo needles and their configurations:

  • Mag (Magnum Needle). This needle configuration is used for shading larger areas. 'Mag' needles are arranged in two rows in a staggered pattern to cover more skin surface. This arrangement allows for smoother shading and coloring.
  • Round Liner. These needles are tightly grouped in a circular formation and are used for creating clean, crisp lines. They are ideal for detailed work and precise line art.
  • Bugpin. These are thinner needles that offer more detail than standard needles. They are often used for intricate work, shading, and creating softer lines due to their smaller diameter.

Each needle type has a specific use, depending on the tattoo's design and the effect the artist wants to achieve. The round liner is for outlines and fine detail, the mag is for shading and blending, and the bugpin can be used for subtle shading or detailed work requiring a softer touch. Tattoo artists select their needles based on these characteristics to create different textures and depths in the tattooing process.

Usage and Technique

The artist's skill in handling the machine determines the quality of the tattoo. The skin is stretched taut, and the machine is guided smoothly over the surface. The combination of the machine's speed, needle type, and the artist's technique contributes to the final artwork.

Historical Context

From their inception in the late 1800s, tattoo machines have undergone significant changes. Originally inspired by Thomas Edison's electric pen, modern machines continue to rely on the fundamental mechanism of needles driven by a power source to implant ink into the skin.

In conclusion, tattoo machines are fascinating devices that blend art with technology. Understanding their types, components, and functionalities offers a window into the complex and skilled world of tattoo artistry. Whether you're an aspiring artist or an enthusiast, this knowledge deepens the appreciation of the art and skill involved in tattooing.